Publisher Summary The chapter begins with an overview of cost of living based on field
metabolic rates of small mammals. The chapter then goes on to discuss the importance of …

High exposure to warming from climate change is expected to threaten biodiversity by
pushing many species toward extinction. Such exposure is often assessed for all taxa at a …

Infrared thermography (IRT) is a technique that determines surface temperature based on
physical laws of radiative transfer. Thermal imaging cameras have been used since the …

Operative and standard operative temperatures (Tc and Tcs, respectively) are thermal
indices that allow single-number representations of the complex thermal environment. They …

A key challenge in ecology is to define species' niches on the basis of functional traits. Size
and shape are important determinants of a species' niche but their causal role is often …

Frozen winters define life at high latitudes and altitudes. However, recent, rapid changes in
winter conditions have highlighted our relatively poor understanding of ecosystem function …

Pine martens (Martes americana) consume a variety of food types annually but seasonal
foraging is restricted to a subset of available prey. Winter foods include chickarees …

We assess the importance of body mass and the minimum ambient temperature at which
foraging occurs in determining the warm-up rates and thoracic temperatures in flight at an air …

Understanding how environmental change influences the behavior of organisms is central
for both ecological understanding and species conservation. We used camera traps to …

The weasels (Mustela spp.) are a group of small mustelid carnivores that originated in the
late Pliocene and are now distributed throughout the Holarctic region. Mustela erminea, the …