H+-ATPases, including the phosphorylated intermediate–type (P-type) and vacuolar-type (V-
type) H+-ATPases, are important ATP-driven proton pumps that generate membrane …

In nature, plants constantly have to face pathogen attacks. However, plant disease rarely
occurs due to efficient immune systems possessed by the host plants. Pathogens are …

The phytohormone auxin controls many processes in plants, at least in part through its
regulation of cell expansion. The acid growth hypothesis has been proposed to explain …

The plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase is an important ion pump in the plant cell
membrane. By extruding protons from the cell and generating a membrane potential, this …

Direct interactions between proteins are essential for the regulation of their functions in
biological pathways. Targeting the complex network of protein–protein interactions (PPIs) …

P-type ATPases form a large superfamily of cation and lipid pumps. They are remarkably
simple with only a single catalytic subunit and carry out large domain motions during …

In addition to their essential roles as substrates in carbon and energy metabolism and in
polymer biosynthesis, sugars have important hormone-like functions as primary messengers …

Nickel even though recognized as a trace element, its metabolism is very decisive for certain
enzyme activities, maintaining proper cellular redox state and various other biochemical …

▪ Abstract Guard cells surround stomatal pores in the epidermis of plant leaves and stems.
Stomatal pore opening is essential for CO2 influx into leaves for photosynthetic carbon …

Stomata are an attractive experimental system in plant biology, because the responses of
guard cells to environmental signals can be directly linked to changes in the aperture of …