When Szent-Györgyi called water the “matrix of life”, 1 he was echoing an old sentiment.
Paracelsus in the 16th century said that “water was the matrix of the world and of all its …

▪ Abstract Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, solid-state NMR, and X-ray
crystallography have contributed detailed information about the structural changes in the …

Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a light-driven proton pump and a model membrane transport
protein. We used time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography at an x-ray free electron …

High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is now materialized. It allows direct
visualization of dynamic structural changes and dynamic processes of functioning biological …

Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol, 1, Figure 1) is considered the most multifunctional vitamin in the
human body. 1 It plays key roles in many physiological processes such as vision …

Hydrogen bonds are fundamental to the structure and function of biological macromolecules
and have been explored in detail. The chains of hydrogen bonds (CHBs) and low-barrier …

In the history of science and technology, researchers have always undertaken endeavors to
enhance the degree of “directness of measurement”. With “directness of measurement”, we …

Dynamic changes in protein conformation in response to external stimuli are important in
biological processes, but it has proved difficult to directly visualize such structural changes …

Bacteriorhodopsin, a membrane protein with a relative molecular mass of 27,000, is a light
driven pump which transports protons across the cell membrane of the halophilic organism …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in a vast variety of cellular signal
transduction processes from visual, taste and odor perceptions to sensing the levels of many …