Allometry refers to the size-related changes of morphological traits and remains an essential
concept for the study of evolution and development. This review is the first systematic …

Approximately two decades after the first pioneering analyses, the study of shape asymmetry
with the methods of geometric morphometrics has matured and is a burgeoning field. New …

Increasingly, data on shape are analysed in combination with molecular genetic or
ecological information, so that tools for geometric morphometric analysis are required …

The foundations of geometric morphometrics were worked out about 30 years ago and have
continually been refined and extended. What has remained as a central thrust and source of …

Pattern recognition receptors confer plant resistance to pathogen infection by recognizing
the conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The cell surface receptor chitin …

Biological systems that perform multiple tasks face a fundamental trade-off: A given
phenotype cannot be optimal at all tasks. Here we ask how trade-offs affect the range of …

Although most studies on integration and modularity have focused on variation among
individuals within populations or species, this is not the only level of variation for which …

Philipp M a,∗, Philipp G b, Sonja W c, d, Katrin S c aDepartment of Theoretical Biology,
University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria bDepartment of Human …

Phenotypic integration is a pervasive characteristic of organisms. Numerous analyses have
demonstrated that patterns of phenotypic integration are conserved across large clades, but …

Taxonomy relies greatly on morphology to discriminate groups. Computerized geometric
morphometric methods for quantitative shape analysis measure, test and visualize …