Measurement science has been converging to smaller and smaller samples, such that it is
now possible to detect single molecules. This Review focuses on the next generation of …

Since their invention just over 20 years ago, optical traps have emerged as a powerful tool
with broad-reaching applications in biology and physics. Capabilities have evolved from …

Single entity sensing is recently an area of tremendous interest in analytical chemistry, such
that it is possible to analyze single cells, single particles, and even single molecules. Among …

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is under exploration is due to wide biomedical applications
and research interest in nanotechnology. Bioreduction of silver nitrate (AgNO 3) and …

Förster (or Fluorescence) Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is unique in generating
fluorescence signals sensitive to molecular conformation, association, and separation in the …

Since the earliest examination of cellular structures, biologists have been fascinated by
observing cells using light microscopy. The advent of fluorescent labeling technologies plus …

The worldwide emergence of nanoscale science and engineering was marked by the
announcement of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) in January 2000. Recent …

Enzymes are biological catalysts vital to life processes and have attracted century-long
investigation. The classic Michaelis-Menten mechanism provides a highly satisfactory …

We directly observed real-time production of single protein molecules in individual
Escherichia coli cells. A fusion protein of a fast-maturing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) …

Liposomes are structurally and functionally some of the most versatile supramolecular
assemblies in existence. Since the beginning of active research on lipid vesicles in 1965 …