Decades of research advances have established a central role for endogenous opioid
systems in regulating reward processing, mood, motivation, learning and memory …

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a sudden, severe, brief, stabbing, and recurrent pain within one
or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. Type 1 as intermittent and Type 2 as constant pain …

Background Sublingual formulations of buprenorphine (BUP) and BUP/naloxone have well-
established pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, and are safe and effective for …

We developed a unique protocol where transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the
motor cortex is performed during positron emission tomography (PET) scan using a μ-opioid …

Manual therapy has long been a component of physical rehabilitation programs, especially
to treat those in pain. The mechanisms of manual therapy, however, are not fully understood …

The opioid system plays a critical role in both the experience and management of pain.
Although acute activation of the opioid system can lead to pain relief, the effects of chronic …

The function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) related to chronic pain has been explored by its
classical role in regulating the transcellular and paracellular transport, thus controlling the …

The prevalence of chronic pain has reached epidemic levels. In addition to personal
suffering chronic pain is associated with psychiatric and medical co-morbidities, notably …

Although pain is a widely known phenomenon and an important clinical symptom that
occurs in numerous diseases, its mechanisms are still barely understood. Owing to the …

This paper is the thirty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2012 …