Research on the psychology of learning has highlighted straightforward ways of enhancing
learning. However, effective learning strategies are underused by learners. In this Review …

Engaging in a test over previously studied information can serve as a potent learning event,
a phenomenon referred to as the testing effect. Despite a surge of research in the past …

Flipped learning is an approach to the design and instruction of classes through which, with
appropriate guidance, students gain their first exposure to new concepts and material prior …

Attempting recall of information from memory, as occurs when taking a practice test, is one of
the most potent training techniques known to learning science. However, does testing yield …

The primary goal of instruction should be to facilitate long-term learning—that is, to create
relatively permanent changes in comprehension, understanding, and skills of the types that …

Knowing how to manage one's own learning has become increasingly important in recent
years, as both the need and the opportunities for individuals to learn on their own outside of …

Learning is usually thought to occur during episodes of studying, whereas retrieval of
information on testing simply serves to assess what was learned. We review research that …

Elizabeth Ligon Bjork: I am Professor of Psychology and Immediate-Past Chair of the
University of California, Los Angeles, Academic Senate. My research interests have …

Learning is often identified with the acquisition and encoding of new information. Reading a
textbook, listening to a lecture, participating in a hands-on classroom activity, and studying a …

Taking a memory test not only assesses what one knows, but also enhances later retention,
a phenomenon known as the testing effect. We studied this effect with educationally relevant …