Helminths are extraordinarily successful parasites due to their ability to modulate the host
immune response. They have evolved a spectrum of immunomodulatory molecules that are …

The three main soil-transmitted helminth infections, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm,
are common clinical disorders in man. The gastrointestinal tract of a child living in poverty in …

Helminths are masterful immunoregulators. A characteristic feature of helminth infection is a
Th2-dominated immune response, but stimulation of immunoregulatory cell populations …

Parasites are designed by evolution to invade the host and survive in its organism until they
are ready to reproduce. Parasites release a variety of molecules that help them to penetrate …

Nematode infection is a major threat to the health of humans, domestic animals and wildlife.
Nematodes vary in their effect on the host and in the mechanisms underlying immunity but …

Trichinella infection results in formation of a capsule in infected muscles. The capsule is a
residence of the parasite which is composed of the nurse cell and fibrous wall. The process …

Cytokines are the molecular messengers of the vertebrate immune system, coordinating the
local and systemic immune responses to infective organisms. We report here functional and …

Research of Trichinella proteins has been conducted with emphasis on excretory–secretory
(E–S) products of muscle larvae because of two reasons. The first is that it has prominent …

The same mechanisms that enable host defense against helminths also drive allergic
inflammation. This suggests that pathomechanisms of allergic diseases represent …

Helminths are master regulators of host immune responses utilising complex mechanisms to
dampen host protective Th2‐type responses and favour long‐term persistence. Such …