Vertebrate bone is composed of three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts and
osteocytes, the latter being by far the most numerous. Osteocytes are thought to play a …

The dentitions of extant fishes and land vertebrates vary in both pattern and type of tooth
replacement. It has been argued that the common ancestral condition likely resembles the …

Major groups of jawed vertebrates exhibit contrasting conditions of dermal plates and
scales. But the transition between these conditions remains unclear due to rare information …

Placoderms, as the earliest branching jawed vertebrates, are crucial to understanding how
the characters of crown gnathostomes comprising Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes …

The Early Devonian sarcopterygian Styloichthys changae provides substantial information to
resolve the phylogenetic relationships of early sarcopterygians. Its dermal bones show a …

The 'acanthodian'fishes provide key anatomical insights into the deepest branches of the
chondrichthyan stem group. We review the anatomy of the acanthodian Vernicomacanthus …

Ankylosaurs were a group of heavily armored non‐avian dinosaurs (Dinosauria,
Ankylosauria), represented by a relatively abundant fossil record from the Cretaceous of …

The numerous cushion-shaped tooth-bearing plates attributed to the stem group
osteichthyan Lophosteus superbus, which are argued here to represent an early form of the …

Teeth are often thought of as structures that line the margins of the mouth; however, tooth-
like structures called odontodes are commonly found on the dermal bones of many …

Toyemia Minich, 1990, is a widespread member of late Permian freshwater fossil
assemblages of European Russia. The scales and lepidotrichia hemisegments of this taxon …