Radio waves are attenuated by atmospheric phenomena such as snow, rain, dust, clouds,
and ice, which absorb radio signals. Signal attenuation becomes more severe at extremely …

The next generation (NG) optical technologies will unveil certain unique features, namely
ultra-high data rate, broadband multiple services, scalable bandwidth, and flexible …

The most classical approach of determining rain attenuation for radio‐wave frequency has
been to theoretically determine the specific attenuation. At frequency over 10 GHz, rain and …

Rainfall estimation based on the impact of rain on electromagnetic waves is a novel
methodology that has had notable advancements during the last few years. Many studies …

Rain is a major source of attenuation for microwave propagation above 10 GHz. In tropical
and equatorial regions, the rain intensity is high. Therefore, designing terrestrial and Earth-to …

Climate change is expected to alter rainfall and temperature regimes across the world,
Nigeria inclusive. Climate projections indicate warming and changes in rainfall varied from …

Rain drop size distributions (DSD) are measured with disdrometers at five different climatic
locations in the Indian tropical region. The distribution of drop size is assumed to be …

Rain attenuation poses a significant challenge for high-throughput communication systems.
In response, this paper introduces an artificial intelligence (AI) model designed for predicting …

A model that is less sensitive to errors in the extreme small and large drop diameters, the
gamma model with central moments (3, 4 and 6), is proposed to model the rain drop size …

The attenuation induced by rain is prominent in the satellite communication at Ku and Ka
bands. The paper studied the empirical determination of the power law coefficients which …