Tumor suppressor genes cooperate with each other in tumors. Three important tumor
suppressor proteins, retinoblastoma (Rb), p53, phosphatase, and tensin homolog deleted …

The phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway plays an essential
role in regulation of normal cell growth, metabolism, and survival. Somatic activating …

The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) classically counteracts the
PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade. Germline pathogenic PTEN mutations cause PTEN …

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic autosomal dominant disorder characterized
by benign tumor-like lesions, called hamartomas, in multiple organ systems, including the …

Vascular anomalies, characterized by the abnormal development or growth of blood and/or
lymphatic vessels, comprise a spectrum of diseases that have a wide range of complications …

Mosaicism may occur as a somatic mutation occurring during embryogenesis, resulting in an
organism composed of 2 (or more) genetically distinct cell lineages. 1 The resulting …

PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) is a highly variable autosomal dominant
condition associated with intellectual disability, overgrowth, and tumor predisposition …

Abstract The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target
of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of …

Introduction: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder resulting in benign
tumors in various organs. It is caused by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes causing …

Background The PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) encompasses several different
syndromes, which are linked to an autosomal-dominant mutation of the tumor suppressor …