Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the
retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of “sleep and …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

In the last three decades the two‐process model of sleep regulation has served as a major
conceptual framework in sleep research. It has been applied widely in studies on fatigue …

For many decades, sleep researchers have sought to determine which species 'have'rapid
eye movement (REM) sleep. In doing so, they relied predominantly on a template derived …

We take for granted the ability to fall asleep or to snap out of sleep into wakefulness, but
these changes in behavioral state require specific switching mechanisms in the brain that …

In humans, an adaptable internal biological system generates circadian rhythms that
maintain synchronicity of behavior and physiology with the changing demands of the 24-h …

A series of findings over the past decade has begun to identify the brain circuitry and
neurotransmitters that regulate our daily cycles of sleep and wakefulness. The latter …

According to the two-process model of sleep regulation, the timing and structure of sleep are
determined by the interaction of a homeostatic and a circadian process. The original …

The functions of mammalian sleep remain unclear. Most theories suggest a role for non-
rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in energy conservation and in nervous system …

The need to sleep grows with the duration of wakefulness and dissipates with time spent
asleep, a process called sleep homeostasis. What are the consequences of staying awake …