Pain is a complex experience including sensory-discriminative and emotional-affective
components. Base on the intensity and chronification of pain, pain is divided into …

Surviving threats in the environment requires brain circuits for detecting (or anticipating)
danger and for coordinating appropriate defensive responses (eg, increased cardiac output …

In the central nervous system, nitric oxide (NO), a free gas with multitudinous bioactivities, is
mainly produced from the oxidation of L-arginine by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) …

Overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in the spinal cord dorsal horn
(SDH) in the setting of injury represents a key mechanism of neuropathic pain. However …

Over the past few decades, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) gained popularity
as a unique brain region involved in regulating motivated behaviors related to …

Zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP), a PKMζ inhibitor, is widely used to interfere with the
maintenance of acquired memories. ZIP is able to erase memory even in the absence of …

Neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders are one of the leading causes of disability
worldwide and affect the health of billions of people. Nitric oxide (NO), a free gas with …

Empathy is the capacity to understand and share the experiences of others. This ability
fosters connections between individuals, enriching the fabric of our shared world. One …

Highlights•Opposing roles of CRF and NPY within the dlBNST in pain-induced aversive
responses.•Intra-vBNST glutamatergic transmission in pain-induced aversive …

Pathological pain states arising from injuries to the nervous system are characterized by
sustained neuroinflammation and increased neuronal excitability at both peripheral and …