Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPDs) are episodes of
symptom worsening 1 that have significant adverse consequences for patients. 2 The …

Cachexia is the involuntary loss of muscle and adipose tissue that strongly affects mortality
and treatment efficacy in patients with cancer or chronic inflammatory disease. Currently, no …

Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells, which provide a complex and adaptive
module that ensures first-line defense against external toxics, irritants, antigens, and …

By 2020, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will be the third cause of mortality.
Extrapulmonary comorbidities influence the prognosis of patients with COPD. Tobacco …

OBJECTIVE: Exacerbations of COPD requiring hospital admission have important clinical
and societal implications. We sought to investigate the incidence, recurrence, risk factors …

Background: Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at
increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and muscle wasting. Systemic …

Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are episodes of worsening
of symptoms, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. COPD exacerbations are …

The implications of a particular embolic event depend upon the extent of obstruction of the
crosssectional area of the pulmonary arterial bed as well as upon the presence or absence …

Background: The relationship between respiratory diseases and individual cardiovascular
diseases, and the impact of cardiovascular diseases on mortality in patients with respiratory …

Objective Patients with COPD are at risk for cardiovascular events. This is attributed to
increased systemic inflammation. The course of COPD is punctuated by exacerbations …