Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine regulating the development,
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and death of T cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β maintains …

Transforming growth factor–β1 (TGF-β1) is inextricably linked to regulatory T cell (Treg)
biology. However, precisely untangling the role for TGF-β1 in Treg differentiation and …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family members are structurally and functionally related
cytokines that have diverse effects on the regulation of cell fate during embryonic …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive
and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to …

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still unclear. Immune dysfunction
may play a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD, in which the role of CD4+ T helper (Th) cells …

The cytokine TGF-β plays an integral role in regulating immune responses. TGF-β has
pleiotropic effects on adaptive immunity, especially in the regulation of effector and …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent regulatory cytokine with diverse effects on
hemopoietic cells. The pivotal function of TGF-β in the immune system is to maintain …

Abstract Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a coinhibitory receptor that downregulates the
activity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in cancer and of virus-specific T cells in chronic …

The success of cancer immunotherapy in solid tumors depends on a sufficient distribution of
effector T cells into malignant lesions. However, immune-cold tumors utilize many T-cell …

Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced in large
amounts within cancer microenvironments that will ultimately promote neoplastic …