We present a systematic review of pleiotropy among SNPs and genes reported to show
genome-wide association with common complex diseases and traits. We find abundant …

It was first noticed 100 years ago that mutations tend to affect more than one phenotypic
characteristic, a phenomenon that was called'pleiotropy'. Because pleiotropy was found so …

In recent years, scientists have realized that evolution can occur on timescales much shorter
than the" long lapse of ages" emphasized by Darwin—in fact, evolutionary change is …

Pleiotropy is defined as the phenomenon in which a single locus affects two or more distinct
phenotypic traits. The term was formally introduced into the literature by the German …

Theoretical studies of adaptation have exploded over the past decade. This work has been
inspired by recent, surprising findings in the experimental study of adaptation. For example …

Is genetic evolution predictable? Evolutionary developmental biologists have argued that, at
least for morphological traits, the answer is a resounding yes. Most mutations causing …

The vast majority of biologists engaged in evolutionary studies interpret virtually every
aspect of biodiversity in adaptive terms. This narrow view of evolution has become …

Building a genotype-phenotype-fitness map of adaptation is a central goal in evolutionary
biology. It is difficult even when adaptive mutations are known because it is hard to …

Ecological specialization is a fundamental and well‐studied concept, yet its great reach and
complexity limit current understanding in important ways. More than 20 years after the …

Genetic architecture, the structure of the mapping from genotype to phenotype, determines
the variational properties of the phenotype and is instrumental in understanding its …