The intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Intestinal epithelial and immune
cells are continuously exposed to millions of microbes that greatly impact on intestinal …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are diverse, nanoscale membrane vesicles actively released by
cells. Similar-sized vesicles can be further classified (eg, exosomes, microvesicles) based …

For many years, double-layer phospholipid membrane vesicles, released by most cells,
were not considered to be of biological significance. This stance has dramatically changed …

Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that
contain components from their mother cells. Bacterial EVs are similar in size to mammalian …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived lipid bilayers secreted by bacteria and
eukaryotic cells. Bacterial membrane vesicles were discovered over 60 years ago and have …

The cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EV) that may have an endosomal origin, or from
evaginations of the plasma membrane. The former are usually called exosomes, with sizes …

Through various pathways of cell death, degradation, and regulated extrusion, partial or
complete genomes of various origins (eg, host cells, fetal cells, and infiltrating viruses and …

Gram-negative bacteria actively secrete outer membrane vesicles, spherical nano-meter-
sized proteolipids enriched with outer membrane proteins, to the surroundings. Outer …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, are released by different
cell types and participate in physiological and pathophysiological processes. EVs mediate …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the γ-proteobacteria.
Like other members of the Pseudomonas genus, it is known for its metabolic versatility and …