Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is considered a safe and effective therapy for children with
cerebral palsy (CP), especially in the hands of experienced injectors and for the majority of …

Background: Botulinum toxin has been in use since the 1970s. Over the last few years, the
indications for botulinum toxin use have extended for cosmetic and noncosmetic …

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) products are injectable biologic medications derived from
Clostridium botulinum bacteria. Several different BoNTA products are marketed in various …

Background The literature on botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT‐A) is extensive, often
contradictory, and confounded by a competitive market of products and research attempting …

Time to onset of response and duration of response are key measures of botulinum toxin
efficacy that have a considerable influence on patient satisfaction with aesthetic treatment …

Background Sialorrhea is problematic for neurologically impaired children, and botulinum
toxin A salivary gland injection has been reported as effective in reducing sialorrhea. This …

Background: The units of different preparations of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A)
have different potencies, and dosing recommendations for each product are not …

Since its initial approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 20 years ago for the
treatment of strabismus, hemifacial spasm, and blepharospasm in adults, botulinum toxin …

Botulinum toxin is considered the treatment of choice for hemifacial spasm (HFS) and
reinnervation synkinesias (RS). We present 133 patients with HFS (n= 97) and RS (n= 36) …

The use of neuromodulators for therapeutic and cosmetic indications has proven to be
remarkably safe. While aesthetic and functional adverse events are uncommon, each …