The Sun is magnetically active and often produces eruptive events on different energetic
and temporal scales. Until recently, the upper limit of such events was unknown and …

The effects of solar flares on the propagation of subionospheric VLF signals from NWC and
NLK transmitter stations monitored at a low-latitude station, Suva (18.2° S, 178.4° E), Fiji …

The strongest X-class solar flare (SF) event in 24th solar cycle, X9. 3, occurred on 6
September 2017, accompanied by earthward-directed coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Such …

This study presents the results of a comparison and verification of three plasma‐chemical
models of the lower ionosphere, which describe the dynamics of 4, 5, and 8 charged …

Solar flare emission at X‐ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) energies can cause substantial
enhancements in the electron density in the Earth's lower ionosphere. It has now become …

We present a critical analysis of the observations and interpretation of VLF subionospheric
measurements related to the main Nepal Gorkha earthquake which occurred on 25 April …

D region effects of the 17–19 March 2015, a St Patrick's Day super geomagnetic storm
(Dst=− 223 nT), using a navigational transmitter very low frequency (VLF) signal (NWC, 19.8 …

Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic signals from navigational transmitters propagate
worldwide in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide formed by the Earth and the electrically …

Narrowband very low frequency (VLF) remote sensing has proven to be a useful tool for
characterizing the ionosphere's D region (60‐to 90‐km altitude) electron density. This work …

This study presents the results obtained from modeling the lower ionosphere response to C‐
, M‐and X‐class solar X‐ray flares. This model is based on a 5‐component scheme for the …