Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by most eukaryotic cells and participate in
intercellular communication. The components of exosomes, including proteins, DNA, mRNA …

Extracellular vesicles have emerged as prominent regulators of the immune response
during tumor progression. EVs contain a diverse repertoire of molecular cargo that plays a …

Natural killer (NK) cells, which are innate lymphocytes endowed with potent cytotoxic
activity, have recently attracted attention as potential anticancer therapeutics. While NK cells …

The success of cancer immunotherapy relies on the knowledge of the tumor
microenvironment and the immune evasion mechanisms in which the tumor, stroma, and …

Exosomes have a crucial role in intercellular communication and mediate interactions
between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Exosome-encapsulated …

Exosomes, extracellular vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, are widely
present in various body fluids. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the
extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are …

Hypoxia is a remarkable trait of the tumor microenvironment (TME). When facing selective
pressure, tumor cells show various adaptive characteristics, such as changes in the …

Summary Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a central regulator for detecting and adapting to
cellular oxygen levels, transcriptionally activates genes modulating oxygen homeostasis …

As an important medium of intercellular communication, exosomes play an important role in
information transmission between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Tumor metastasis …