Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs have revolutionized the
treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD). However, many …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are fundamental sensor molecules of the host innate immune
system, which detect conserved molecular signatures of a wide range of microbial …

Recent advances of rotavirus (RV) basic and applied research are reviewed. They consist of
determination of the RV particle structure and functions of structural proteins, classification …

Hundreds of trillions of diverse bacteriophages (phages) peacefully thrive within and on the
human body. However, whether and how phages influence their mammalian hosts is poorly …

Complications arising from dengue virus infection include potentially fatal vascular leak, and
severe disease has been linked with excessive immune cell activation. An understanding of …

Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent medically important mosquito-borne virus in the
world. Upon DENV infection of a host cell, DENV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) can be found …

Rotavirus is a major pathogen responsible for diarrheal disease in calves, resulting in loss of
productivity and economy of farmers. However, various facets of diarrheal disease caused …

We have shown that endogenous neurosteroids, including pregnenolone and 3α, 5α-THP
inhibit toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signal activation in mouse macrophages and the brain of …

This review includes the congenital infections best known by the acronym TORCH
(Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes virus), as well as Zika virus …

Immune cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage are characterized by their diversity,
plasticity, and variety of functions. Among them, macrophages play a central role in antiviral …