The human body is full of an extensive number of commensal microbes, consisting of
bacteria, viruses, and fungi, collectively termed the human microbiome. The initial …

A dense and diverse microbial community inhabits the gut and many epithelial surfaces.
Referred to as the microbiota, it co-evolved with the host and is beneficial for many host …

The microbiota comprises the microorganisms that live in close contact with the host, with
mutual benefit for both counterparts. The contribution of the gut microbiota to the emergence …

The immune system has coevolved with extensive microbial communities living on barrier
sites that are collectively known as the microbiota. It is increasingly clear that microbial …

Objective Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global disease characterised
by chronic obstruction of lung airflow interfering with normal breathing. Although the …

The immune system responds vigorously to microbial infection while permitting lifelong
colonization by the microbiome. Mechanisms that facilitate the establishment and stability of …

In the mucosa, the immune system's T cells and B cells have position-specific phenotypes
and functions that are influenced by the microbiota. These cells play pivotal parts in the …

Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) plays an important role in gut barrier protection by
shaping the resident microbiota community, restricting the growth of bacterial pathogens and …

Humoral immune responses at mucosal surfaces have historically focused on IgA. Growing
evidence highlights the complexity of IgA-inducing pathways and the functional impact of IgA …

INTRODUCTION Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant mammalian antibody
isotype, constituting more than 80% of all antibody-secreting plasma cells at steady state …