Background This is an updated version of the original Cochrane Review published in 2010,
Issue 9, and last updated in 2014, Issue 4. Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques aim to …

Introduction: Given our improved understanding of the role of central sensitization (CS) in
many patients with chronic pain, it seems rational to account for CS during treatment. Areas …

Abstract Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique used to
modulate neural tissue. Neuromodulation apparently improves cognitive functions in several …

Background Musculoskeletal rehabilitative care and research have traditionally been guided
by a structural pathology paradigm and directed their resources towards the structural …

Introduction: Central sensitization (CS) is present in a variety of chronic pain disorders,
including whiplash, temporomandibular disorders, low back pain, osteoarthritis …

Background: Fibromyalgia is a debilitating condition characterized by chronic widespread
pain. It is believed to be caused by dysfunction of the central nervous system (CNS) but …

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique of noninvasive cortical
stimulation allowing significant modification of brain functions. Clinical application of this …

A major challenge for miniature bioelectronics is wireless power delivery deep inside the
body. Electromagnetic or ultrasound waves suffer from absorption and impedance …

Low back pain (LBP) is an important medical and socioeconomic problem. Impaired
sensorimotor control has been suggested to be a likely mechanism underlying development …

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates spontaneous neuronal activity that
can generate long-term neuroplastic changes. It has been used in numerous therapeutic …