Improvements in health care have greatly increased life span in the United States. The focus
is now shifting from physical well-being to improvement in mental well-being or maintenance …

Background The authors demonstrated previously that isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia
attenuates performance improvement on an already-learned spatial memory task and that …

Aged rats are known to have deficits in spatial learning behavior in the Morris water maze.
We have found that aged rats also have deficits in NR2B protein expression and that the …

The active component of the acne drug Accutane is 13-cis-retinoic acid (RA), and it is highly
teratogenic for the developing central nervous system. Very little is known, however …

Early exposure to general anesthesia (GA) causes developmental neuroapoptosis in the
mammalian brain and long-term cognitive impairment. Recent evidence suggests that GA …

Aging affects all systems, but the brain seems to be particularly vulnerable to the action of
negative, age‐dependent factors. A gradual loss of memory functions is one of the earliest …

Young and aged female rats were tested on a water radial-arm maze designed to measure
performance as working memory load increased, followed by brain-derived neurotrophic …

Identifying the cellular and molecular basis for functional decline remains key to
understanding aging. To this end, we have characterized age‐dependent changes in …

Rodent aging research often utilizes spatial mazes, such as the water radial-arm-maze
(WRAM), to evaluate cognition. The WRAM can simultaneously measure spatial working …

Despite much research, the cognitive effects of scopolamine hydrobromide, a cholinergic
antagonist, remain controversial. Scopolamine affects multiple systems each of which can …