To successfully negotiate the developmental transition between youth and adulthood,
adolescents must maneuver this often stressful period while acquiring skills necessary for …

What roles do mesolimbic and neostriatal dopamine systems play in reward? Do they
mediate the hedonic impact of rewarding stimuli? Do they mediate hedonic reward learning …

Stress is a well‐known risk factor in the development of addiction and in addiction relapse
vulnerability. A series of population‐based and epidemiological studies have identified …

OBJECTIVE: A primary behavioral pathology in drug addiction is the overpowering
motivational strength and decreased ability to control the desire to obtain drugs. In this …

Our understanding of chronic pain involves complex brain circuits that include sensory,
emotional, cognitive and interoceptive processing. The feed-forward interactions between …

The medial prefrontal cortex has been associated with diverse functions including
attentional processes, visceromotor activity, decision‐making, goal‐directed behavior, and …

Rationale: The notion that stress leads to drug abuse in vulnerable individuals and relapse
in addicts is not new. Most major theories of addiction postulate that stress plays an …

Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse enhances the motor-stimulant response to these
drugs, a phenomenon termed behavioral sensitization. Animals that are extinguished from …

The question of addiction concerns the process by which drug‐taking behavior, in certain
individuals, evolves into compulsive patterns of drug‐seeking and drug‐taking behavior that …

Rational and objectives. The reinstatement model is currently used in many laboratories to
investigate mechanisms underlying relapse to drug seeking. Here, we review briefly the …