Granular matter is ubiquitous in nature and is present in diverse forms in important
engineering, industrial and natural processes. Particle-based computational modelling has …

Iceberg calving accounts for half of the mass discharge from the Greenland and Antarctic ice
sheets, which has increased dramatically over the last two decades. Through their …

Abstract Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) supplies the lower limb of the global overturning
circulation, ventilates the abyssal ocean and sequesters heat and carbon on multidecadal to …

Strong heat loss and brine release during sea ice formation in coastal polynyas act to cool
and salinify waters on the Antarctic continental shelf. Polynya activity thus both limits the …

The Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) is a strong gradient in water mass properties close to the
Antarctic margins, separating warm water from the Antarctic ice sheet. Heat transport across …

The past provides evidence of abrupt climate shifts and changes in the frequency of climate
and weather extremes. We explore the nonlinear response to orbital forcing and then …

The dominant feature of large-scale mass transfer in the modern ocean is the Atlantic
meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The geometry and vigour of this circulation …

Fjord dynamics influence oceanic heat flux to the Greenland ice sheet. Submarine iceberg
melting releases large volumes of freshwater within Greenland's fjords, yet its impact on fjord …

Ice sheet response to forced changes—such as that from anthropogenic climate forcing—is
closely regulated by two‐way interactions with other components of the Earth system. These …

Recent advances in both ocean modeling and melt parameterization in ice-sheet models
point the way toward coupled ice sheet–ocean modeling, which is needed to quantify …