Objective: This article reviews current approaches to neuropsychological assessment,
identifies opportunities for development of new methods using modern psychometric theory 

The brain and the gut are engaged in continual crosstalk along a number of pathways
collectively termed the 'brain–gut axis'. Over recent years it has become increasingly clear 

Pupil diameter and microsaccades are captured by an eye tracker and compared for their
suitability as indicators of cognitive load (as beset by task difficulty). Specifically, two metrics 

Psychological sciences have identified a wealth of cognitive processes and behavioral
phenomena, yet struggle to produce cumulative knowledge. Progress is hamstrung by 

Is it possible to learn something without being aware of it? How does emotion influence the
way we think? How can we improve our memory? Fundamentals of Cognition, third edition 

Simple reaction time (SRT), the minimal time needed to respond to a stimulus, is a basic
measure of processing speed. SRTs were first measured by Francis Galton in the 19th 

A novel eye-tracked measure of the frequency of pupil diameter oscillation is proposed for
capturing what is thought to be an indicator of cognitive load. The proposed metric, termed 

" It is a delight to see the Fourth Edition of Sommers-Flanagans's excellent work. They
understand counseling and therapy, their writing is clear, and this book will be enjoyed by 

Traditional accounts of verbal short-term memory explain differences in performance for
different types of verbal material by reference to inherent characteristics of the verbal items 

The hippocampus has been shown to demonstrate a remarkable degree of plasticity in
response to a variety of tasks and experiences. For example, the size of the human