The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in
veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement …

Good animal welfare is linked to the quality of research data derived from laboratory
animals, their validity as models of human disease, the number of animals required to reach …

Ensuring that laboratory rodent pain is well managed underpins the ethical acceptability of
working with these animals in research. Appropriate treatment of pain in laboratory rodents …

Grimace scales quantify characteristic facial expressions associated with spontaneous pain
in rodents and other mammals. However, these scales have not been widely adopted …

According to the EU Directive 2010/63, the severity of a procedure has to be classified as
mild, moderate or severe. General anesthesia is thought to be mild, but the Directive does …

Effective management of pain is critical to the improvement of animal welfare. For this to
happen, pain must be recognised and assessed in a variety of contexts. Pain is a complex …

Simple Summary Grimace scales for laboratory animals were first reported ten years ago.
Yet, despite their promise as pain assessment tools it appears that they have not been …

A potential cause of suffering in animal experimentation is pain induced by procedures,
diseases, and injuries. Pain is not only nociception, the sensory nervous system's response …

Within the scope of the 3Rs of Russel and Burch, the number of laboratory animals can be
reduced by repeated use of an animal. This strategy only becomes relevant, if the total …

Facial expressions are essential for communication and emotional expression across
species. Despite the improvements brought by tools like the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) in …