Understanding of secular evolution of the Earth system is based largely on the rock and
mineral archive preserved in the continental lithosphere. Based on the frequency and range …

Recent progress in plate tectonic reconstructions has seen models move beyond the
classical idea of continental drift by attempting to reconstruct the full evolving configuration of …

Establishing how tectonic plates have moved since deep time is essential for understanding
how Earth's geodynamic system has evolved and operates, thus answering longstanding …

One of the most contentious areas of Earth Science today is when, or whether or not modern-
style plate tectonics was in operation in the Archean Eon. In this review we present evidence …

Supercontinents signify self-organization in plate tectonics. Over the past~ 2 billion years,
three major supercontinents have been identified, with increasing age: Pangaea, Rodinia …

If we accept that a critical condition for plate tectonics is the creation and maintenance of a
global network of narrow boundaries separating multiple plates, then to argue for plate …

The Earth as a planetary system has experienced significant change since its formation c.
4.54 Gyr ago. Some of these changes have been gradual, such as secular cooling of the …

The Earth is the only known planet where plate tectonics is active, and different studies have
concluded that plate tectonics commenced at times from the early Hadean to 700 Ma. Many …

The cosmopolitan plant genus Clematis contains many climbing species that can be found
worldwide. The genus occurs in the wild and is grown commercially for horticulture …

Earth's mantle has a two-layered structure, with the upper and lower mantle domains
separated by a seismic discontinuity at about 660 km (refs.,). The extent of mass transfer …