Human-associated microbial communities have adapted to environmental pressures. Doses
of antibiotics select for a community with increased antibiotic resistance, inflammation is …

Numbers of animal species react to the natural phenomenon of fire, but only humans have
learnt to control it and to make it at will. Natural fires caused overwhelmingly by lightning are …

The oldest Oldowan tool sites, from around 2.6 million years ago, have previously been
confined to Ethiopia's Afar Triangle. We describe sites at Nyayanga, Kenya, dated to 3.032 …

A remarkable exploration of the science, history, and politics of the Anthropocene, one of the
most important scientific ideas of our time, from two world-renowned experts Meteorites …

The brains of modern humans differ from those of great apes in size, shape, and cortical
organization, notably in frontal lobe areas involved in complex cognitive tasks, such as …

It has recently become clear that several human lineages coexisted with Homo sapiens
during the late Middle and Late Pleistocene. Here, we report an archaic human fossil that …

INTRODUCTION Drimolen is one of several ancient caves located in the Hominid Caves of
South Africa United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) …

The manufacture of flaked stone artifacts represents a major milestone in the technology of
the human lineage. Although the earliest production of primitive stone tools, predating the …

The integration of fossils, phylogeny, and geochronology has resulted in an increasingly
well-resolved timetable of evolution. Life appears to have taken root before the earliest …

Humans rank with the powerful forces of nature transforming Earth. Since the mid-20th
century, population growth, industrialization, and globalization have had such deep and …