The successful use of high dose synthetic estrogens to treat post-menopausal metastatic
breast cancer, is the first effective “chemical therapy” proven in clinical trial to treat any …

It is known that estrogen stimulates growth and inhibits apoptosis through estrogen receptor
(ER)-mediated mechanisms in many cancer cell types. Interestingly, there is strong evidence …

Simple Summary Estrogen is known to drive the growth of estrogen-receptor-positive breast
cancers, the most common breast cancer subtype. Drugs that target the estrogen receptor by …

The androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in the majority of breast cancer and across the
three main breast cancer subtypes. Historically, the oncogenic role of AR has best been …

The discovery of 17β-estradiol (E2)–induced apoptosis has clinical relevance.
Mechanistically, E2 over activates nuclear estrogen receptor α that results in stress …

The translational research strategy of targeting estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive breast
cancer and then using long term anti-hormone adjuvant therapy (5-10 years) has reduced …

Stress responses are critical for estrogen (E2)-induced apoptosis in E2-deprived breast
cancer cells. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is an important therapeutic target to prevent …

Purpose Current concepts regarding estrogen and its mechanistic effects on breast cancer
in women are evolving. This article reviews studies that address estrogen-mediated breast …

Abstract Purpose Breast Cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer in women; however,
through significant research, relative survival rates have significantly improved. Despite …

Doxorubicin (DOX) is considered one of the most powerful chemotherapeutic agents but its
clinical use has several limitations, including cardiomyopathy and cellular resistance to the …