The endosomal recycling pathway lies at the heart of the membrane trafficking machinery in
the cell. It plays a central role in determining the composition of the plasma membrane and …

The cellular entry of the bacterial Shiga toxin and the related verotoxins has been
scrutinized in quite some detail. This is due to their importance as a threat to human health …

The retrograde transport inhibitor Retro-2 has a protective effect on cells and in mice against
Shiga-like toxins and ricin. Retro-2 causes toxin accumulation in early endosomes and …

Ricin toxin is a disulfide-linked glycoprotein (AB toxin) comprising one enzymatic A chain
(RTA) and one cell-binding B chain (RTB) contained in the castor bean, a Ricinus species …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is clinically defined by the absence of estrogen and
progesterone receptors and the lack of membrane overexpression or gene amplification of …

Ricin, a plant-derived toxin originating from the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor beans),
is one of the most lethal toxins known, particularly if inhaled. Ricin is considered a potential …

Shiga toxins consist of an A-moiety and five B-moieties able to bind the neutral
glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) on the cell surface. To intoxicate cells …

Abstract Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the causative pathogens of hand, foot and mouth
disease (HFMD), especially the form associated with fatal neurological disorders. Sustained …

Lipid membranes are common to all forms of life. While being stable barriers that delimitate
the cell as the fundamental organismal unit, biological membranes are highly dynamic by …

Ricin, a highly toxic protein from Ricinus communis, is considered a potential biowarfare
agent. Despite the many data available, no specific treatment has yet been approved. Due to …