Biological sex is an important modifier of physiology and influences pathobiology in many
diseases. While heart disease is the number one cause of death worldwide in both men and …

Among the central goals of stress neurobiology research is to understand the mechanisms
by which stressors change neural circuit function to precipitate or exacerbate psychiatric …

Long overlooked in neuroscience research, sex and gender are increasingly included as
key variables potentially impacting all levels of neurobehavioral analysis. Still, many …

A genetically valid animal model could transform our understanding of schizophrenia (SCZ)
disease mechanisms. Rare heterozygous loss-of-function (LoF) mutations in GRIN2A …

Sex is ubiquitous and variable throughout the animal kingdom. Historically, scientists have
used reductionist methodologies that rely on a priori sex categorizations, in which two …

Introduction Sex bias has been an issue in many biomedical fields, especially in
neuroscience. In rodent research, many scientists only focused on male animals due to the …

The field of rodent behavioral neuroscience is undergoing two major sea changes: an ever-
growing technological revolution, and worldwide calls to consider sex as a biological …

The inclusion of sex and gender considerations in biomedicine has been increasing in light
of calls from research and funding agencies, governmental bodies, and advocacy groups to …

The focus of this article, within this BBI horizons special issue, is on sex, gender, and pain.
We summarise what is currently known about sex-and gender-related variations in pain …

Animal models have been used extensively in in vivo studies, especially within the
biomedical field. Traditionally, single-sex studies, mostly males, are used to avoid any …