The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1R) families are of paramount
importance in coordinating the early immune response to pathogens. Signaling via most …

Macrophages respond to noxious stimuli and contribute to inflammatory responses by
eliminating pathogens or damaged tissue and maintaining homeostasis. Response to …

The major cause of death in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients is due to de-regulation of the
innate immune system and development of cytokine storm. SARS-CoV-2 infects multiple cell …

Emerging studies suggest that monocytes can be trained by bacterial endotoxin to adopt
distinct memory states ranging from low-grade inflammation to immune exhaustion. While …

Adaptation of the innate immune system has been recently acknowledged, explaining
sustained changes of innate immune responses. Such adaptation is termed trained …

Immune system activation is essential to thwart the invasion of pathogens and respond
appropriately to tissue damage. However, uncontrolled inflammation can result in extensive …

Endotoxin tolerance is defined as a reduced capacity of a cell to respond endotoxin
(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) challenge after an initial encounter with endotoxin in advance …

Abstract Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) is transmitted via the
respiratory tract and causes severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome by infecting lung …

Obesity and insulin resistance influences metabolic processes, but whether it affects
macrophage metabolism is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that chronic exposure …

The innate immunity is frequently accepted as a first line of relatively primitive defense
interfering with the pathogen invasion until the mechanisms of 'privileged'adaptive immunity …