Altered pronociceptive and antinociceptive mechanisms are often implicated in painful
conditions and have been increasingly studied over the past decade. For some painful …

Introduction Chronic musculoskeletal pain is a major health, social, and economic problem.
Most of the subjects who suffer from chronic musculoskeletal pain present processes of …

Background and Objectives: Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of low-and medium-
frequency currents is commonly used in pain management. Interferential current (IFC) …

Objective To compare the immediate analgesic effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation
(TENS) and interferential current (IFC), with different combinations of parameters, in …

Background Interferential current is one of the most common electrotherapeutic modalities
used in the treatment of painful conditions. Patients seeking medical help to reduce their …

Objective Given the complex and unclear etiology of neck pain, it is important to understand
the differences in central sensitization as well as psychosocial factors in individuals with …

Objectives Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and interferential currents
(IFC) are pain electrotherapies with questioned efficacy. Studies of their effects on tactile …

Objectives: The pathophysiology of a frozen shoulder (FS) is thought to be related to chronic
inflammation. Chronic inflammation may disturb the immune system and consequently the …

Objective: To compare the segmental and extrasegmental hypoalgesic effects of TENS, IFC
and Aussie current on pressure pain threshold (PPT) during and after stimulation in healthy …

Background Nonspecific neck pain is a multifactorial and very common condition in adult
individuals, traditional acupuncture (TA) and laser acupuncture (LA) may be treatment …