Effort and the perception of effort (PE) have been extensively studied across disciplines,
resulting in multiple definitions. These inconsistencies block scientific progress by impeding …

Although mental effort is a frequently used term, it is poorly defined and understood.
Consequently, its usage is frequently loose and potentially misleading. In neuroscience …

Measuring individual differences in cognitive effort can be elusive as effort is a function of
motivation and ability. We report six studies (N= 663) investigating the relationship of Need …

The notion that humans avoid effortful action is one of the oldest and most persistent in
psychology. Influential theories of effort propose that effort valuations are made according to …

Why do some mental activities feel harder than others? The answer to this question is
surprisingly controversial. Current theories propose that cognitive effort affords a …

Cognitive ability consists not only of one's internal competence but also of the augmentation
offered by the outside world. How much of our cognitive success is due to our own abilities …

This study investigated the role of arousal and effort costs in the cognitive benefits of
alternating between sitting and standing postures using a sit‐stand desk, while measuring …

When individuals set goals, they consider the subjective value (SV) of the anticipated reward
and the required effort, a trade-off that is of great interest to psychological research. One …

Prior work regarding nature's benefits to different working memory capacity processes is
mixed within the existing literature. These mixed results may be due to an emphasis on tasks …

When observing human behavior, one of the key factors determining choice is effort. It is
often assumed that people prefer an easier course of action when the alternative yields the …