Cancer cell possesses numerous adaptations to resist the immune system response and
chemotherapy. One of the most significant properties of the neoplastic cells is the altered …

The kidney is a remarkable organ that accomplishes the challenge of removing waste from
the body and simultaneously regulating electrolyte and water balance. Pro-urine flows …

Abstract Calcium ions (Ca2+) serve as a crucial signaling mechanism in almost all cells. The
buffers are proteins that bind free Ca2+ to reduce the cell's Ca2+ concentration. The most …

Specialized groups of neurons in the brain are key mediators of circadian rhythms, receiving
daily environmental cues and communicating those signals to other tissues in the organism …

To investigate the significance of expression of HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and SNAIL1 proteins; and
TGF-β signaling pathway proteins in ccRCC, their relation with clinicopathological …

The molecular mechanisms by which receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and heterotrimeric G
proteins, two major signaling hubs in eukaryotes, independently relay signals across the …

Dendritic spines are the primary excitatory postsynaptic sites that act as subcompartments of
signaling. Ca 2+ is often the first and most rapid signal in spines. Downstream of calcium …

Preconjugal ciliates learn classical repetition error-correction codes to safeguard mating
messages and replies from corruption by “rivals” and local ambient noise. Because …

The calcium ion is quite possibly the single most pervasive signaling molecule used by
living organisms for the purpose of communicating internal and external states. It differs from …

A long-standing question in the field of signal transduction is how distinct signaling
pathways interact with each other to control cell behavior. Growth factor receptors and G …