The repeat use of fatal force against unarmed people of color has driven global protests
against police violence and fueled criticism of policing as a mechanism for public safety. In …

Abstract Purpose of Review Racial trauma is a severe psychological response to the
cumulative traumatic effect of racism. This review synthesizes emerging theoretical and …

We use data on police-involved deaths to estimate how the risk of being killed by police use
of force in the United States varies across social groups. We estimate the lifetime and age …

After decades of stability from the 1920s to the early 1970s, the rate of incarceration in the
United States more than quadrupled in the past four decades. The Committee on the …

An increasing number of minority youth experience contact with the criminal justice system.
But how does the expansion of police presence in poor urban communities affect …

A growing literature documents deleterious consequences of incarceration for mental health.
Although salient, incarceration is only one form of criminal justice contact and, accordingly …

Legal socialization is the process by which children and adolescents acquire their law
related values, attitudes, and reasoning capacities. Such values and attitudes, in particular …

The steep rise in US criminal punishment in recent decades has spurred scholarship on the
collateral consequences of imprisonment for individuals, families, and communities. Several …

Objectives. We surveyed young men on their experiences of police encounters and
subsequent mental health. Methods. Between September 2012 and March 2013, we …

An examination of the influence of street stops on the legal socialization of young men
showed an association between the number of police stops they see or experience and a …