The human retina contains three types of glial cells: microglia and two types of macroglia,
astrocytes and Müller cells. Macroglia provide homeostatic and metabolic support to …

Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for neurodegeneration in
glaucoma. Glial cells, which play an important role in normal functioning of retinal neurons …

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) represents a significant public healthcare concern,
accounting for the majority of all head injuries. While symptoms are generally transient …

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death is the principal consequence of injury to the optic nerve.
For several decades, we have understood that the RGC death process was executed by …

Ocular diseases associated with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is the most
common neurodegenerative disorder that causes irreversible blindness worldwide. It is …

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the only afferent neurons that can transmit visual
information to the brain. The death of RGCs occurs in the early stages of glaucoma, diabetic …

Loss of function following injury to the CNS is worsened by secondary degeneration of
neurons and glia surrounding the injury and is initiated by oxidative damage. However, it is …

Neuroinflammation relying on the inflammatory responses of glial cells has emerged as an
impactful component of the multifactorial etiology of neurodegeneration in glaucoma. It has …

Damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and
mortality in elderly, as repair after lesions or neurodegenerative disease usually fails …

Glaucoma challenges the survival of retinal ganglion cell axons in the optic nerve through
processes dependent on both aging and ocular pressure. Relevant stressors likely include …