Executive summary Despite the improvements in outcomes for cardiovascular disease
(CVD) over the last 20 years, it remains the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the …

Background Tobacco smoking is the cause of many preventable diseases and premature
deaths in the UK and around the world. It poses enormous health-and non-health-related …

Background Estimates of the economic cost of risk factors for chronic disease to the NHS
provide evidence for prioritization of resources for prevention and public health. Previous …

This paper updates the evidence base and key recommendations of the Health Education
Authority (HEA) smoking cessation guidelines for health professionals published in Thorax …

COPD is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and imparts a
substantial economic burden on individuals and society. Despite the intense interest in …

Tobacco use is the single most important preventable health risk in the developed world,
and an important cause of premature death worldwide. Smoking causes a wide range of …

Each year in the UK smoking causes more than 120 000 deaths of people aged 35 or more,
20% of deaths at all ages, and more than 25% of deaths between 35 and 65. Smoking is …

Background Tobacco smoking is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) in more than 80% of cases. Our aim was to investigate the effect of sustained …

The aversive aspects of withdrawal from chronic nicotine exposure are thought to be an
important motivational factor contributing to the maintenance of the tobacco habit in human …

Tobacco is now a major preventable cause of death in both developed and developing
countries. Assuming current patterns of tobacco use and intervention efforts, from 2000 to …