The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the greatest threats to human health in the 21st century
with more than 257 million cases and over 5.17 million deaths reported worldwide (as of …

The evolution of AMPK and its homologs enabled exquisite responsivity and control of
cellular energetic homeostasis. Recent work has been critical in establishing the …

Molecular oxygen (O2) sustains intracellular bioenergetics and is consumed by numerous
biochemical reactions, making it essential for most species on Earth. Accordingly, decreased …

Oxidative stress (OS) has greatly interested the research community in understanding
damaging processes occurring in cells. OS is triggered by an imbalance between reactive …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important site for protein folding and maturation in
eukaryotes. The cellular requirement to synthesize proteins within the ER is matched by its …

The spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) is an active transcription factor that
plays a vital role in the unfolded protein response (UPR). Under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) …

A hostile microenvironment in tumor tissues disrupts endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis
and induces the unfolded protein response (UPR). A chronic UPR in both cancer cells and …

Tumour cells endure both oncogenic and environmental stresses during cancer
progression. Transformed cells must meet increased demands for protein and lipid …

Interest in excitotoxicity expanded following its implication in the pathogenesis of ischemic
brain injury in the 1980s, but waned subsequent to the failure of N-methyl-D-aspartate …

Cancer treatment has rapidly entered the age of immunotherapy, and it is becoming clear
that the effective therapy of established tumors necessitates rational multi-combination …