The face is the most distinctive feature used to identify others. Modern humans have a short,
retracted face beneath a large globular braincase that is distinctively different from that of our …

Morphological modularity arises in complex living beings due to a semi‐independent
inheritance, development, and function of body parts. Modularity helps us to understand the …

How do the various anatomical parts (modules) of the animal body evolve into very different
integrated forms (integration) yet still function properly without decreasing the individual's …

Modularity and complexity go hand in hand in the evolution of the skull of primates. Because
analyses of these two parameters often use different approaches, we do not know yet how …

Objectives Modern humans diverge from other extant hominids (chimpanzees, gorillas, and
orangutans) in a series of craniofacial morphological features. Like hylobatids, they possess …

Previous research has suggested that magnitudes of integration may be distinct in the
postcranium of hominoids when compared to other primate species. To test this hypothesis …

Objectives Integration and modularity reflect the coordinated action of past evolutionary
processes and, in turn, constrain or facilitate phenotypic evolvability. Here, we analyze …

The shape of the dental arcade and canine size distinguish extant humans from all apes.
Humans are characterized by a parabolic arcade with short postcanine tooth rows and small …

Facial orientation (projection and degree of prognathism) and form in hominins is highly
variable, likely related to evolutionary modifications of the microscopic process of bone …

Gnathostome jaw patterning involves focal instructive signals from the embryonic surface
cephalic ectoderm (SCE) to a fungible population of cranial neural crest. The spatial …