While technology continues to be seen as a key element in the move to sustainable
development, international efforts around technology to support sustainable development …

Despite the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance, pharmaceutical and biotechnology
firms are reluctant to develop novel antibiotics because of a host of market failures. This …

Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are a global public good, which makes it efficient
to act globally when addressing this challenge. We lay out several reasons that high-income …

The reputation of the financial industry could hardly be worse than it is today in the painful
aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. New York Times best-selling economist Robert Shiller …

Despite a high and growing global average income, billions of human beings are still
condemned to life long severe poverty, with all its attendant evils of low life expectancy …

This article examines the consequences and causes of low enrollment of Black patients in
clinical trials. We develop a simple model of similarity-based extrapolation that predicts that …

Debates about global justice have traditionally fallen into two camps. Statists believe that
principles of justice can only be held among those who share a state. Those who fall outside …

This paper studies the global R&D effort to fight the deadliest diseases. We find:(1) the
elasticity of R&D effort with respect to market size is about 1/2 in the cross-section of …

It is widely claimed that research to discover and develop new pharmaceuticals entails high
costs and high risks. High research and development (R&D) costs influence many decisions …

Innovation is central to long-run economic growth. This chapter summarizes the state of the
literature on the economics of innovation, highlighting open policy questions. We first …