Melanopsin ganglion cells have defied convention since their discovery almost 20 years
ago. In the years following, many types of these intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion …

Contributions of the inner retinal photopigment melanopsin to human visual perception are
incompletely understood. Here, we use a four-primary display to produce stimuli differing in …

This chapter describes the most common setups that scientists use for generating light
stimulation, from lab-made approaches to commercially available technologies. The studied …

Multiple retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types in the mouse retina mediate pattern vision by
responding to specific features of the visual scene. The M4 and M5 melanopsin‐expressing …

Background: Retinal photoreceptors provide the main stage in the mammalian eye for
regulating the retinal illumination through changes in pupil diameter, with a small population …

The pupil reacts to the amount of light reaching the eye. It reduces its size when the light is
high and dilates at low light levels to allow the entrance of more photons. This behavior is …

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are the most recently discovered
photoreceptor class in the human retina. This Element integrates new knowledge and …

Melanopsin-mediated visual and non-visual functions are difficult to study in vivo. To isolate
melanopsin responses, non-standard light stimulation instruments are required, with at least …

To evaluate the nature of interactions between visual pathways transmitting the slower
melanopsin and faster rod and cone signals, we implement a temporal phase summation …

In primates including humans, most retinal ganglion cells send signals to the lateral
geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus. The anatomical and functional properties of the …