BACKGROUND Puberty is a complex developmental event, controlled by sophisticated
regulatory networks that integrate peripheral and internal cues and impinge at the brain …

Kisspeptin is vital for the neuroendocrine regulation of GNRH secretion. Kisspeptin neurons
are now recognized as a central pathway responsible for conveying key homeostatic …

Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) 1a is the only molecularly identified
receptor for ghrelin, mediating ghrelin‐related effects on eating, body weight, and blood …

Ghrelin is a stomach hormone normally associated with feeding behavior and energy
homeostasis. Recent studies highlight that ghrelin targets the brain to regulate a diverse …

Prenatal exposure to vitamin D is thought to be critical for optimal fetal neurodevelopment,
yet vitamin D deficiency is apparent in a growing proportion of pregnant women. The aim of …

Reproduction in mammals is an extremely energy-intensive process and is therefore tightly
controlled by the body's energy status. Changes in the nutritional status of the body cause …

Ghrelin and nesfatin-1 are enteroendocrine peptide hormones expressed in rat X/A-like and
human P/D1cells of the gastric mucosa. Besides their effect on food intake, both peptides …

Introduction: The onset of puberty in females is highly sensitive to the nutritional status and
the amount of energy reserves of the organism. This metabolic information is sensed and …

Infertility affects a remarkable one in four couples in developing countries. Psychological
stress is a ubiquitous facet of life, and although stress affects us all at some point, prolonged …

The hypothalamus is a key link in neuroendocrine regulations, which are provided by
neuropeptides and dopamine. Until the late 1980 s, it was believed that, along with …