In atomic force microscopy a cantilever with a sharp tip attached to it is scanned over the
surface of a sample, and information about the surface is extracted by measuring how the …

Hydration layers are ubiquitous in life and technology. Hence, interfacial aqueous layers
have a central role in a wide range of phenomena from materials science to molecular and …

Using scanning probe microscopy techniques, at low temperatures and in ultrahigh vacuum,
individual molecules adsorbed on surfaces can be probed with ultrahigh resolution to …

The current status and future prospects of non‐contact atomic force microscopy (nc‐AFM)
and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) for studying insulating surfaces and thin …

Recently scanning probe microscopy has made tremendous progress in imaging organic
molecules with high lateral resolution. Atoms and bonds within individual molecules have …

Graphene–metal interface as one of the interesting graphene-based objects attracts much
attention from both application and fundamental science points of view. This paper gives a …

We develop a bimodal force microscopy method to map the three-dimensional force fields
and their time-evolution on a variety of solid–water interfaces. The force maps show an …

Clay mineral-water interactions are ubiquitous, and crucial to a variety of natural processes
including all aspects of geology, sedimentology, edaphology, geomorphology, seismology …

The interfacial properties of silica determine the intrinsic behavior of sand and are of great
importance due to its widespread application in geotechnical engineering. To investigate the …

Visual imaging that can extract three-dimensional (3D) space or polarization information on
the target is essential in broad sciences and technologies. The simultaneous acquisition of …