Problem-solving is an action that requires a thinking process to solve a mathematical
problem. Reflective thinking is a mental activity that begins with confusion and repeatedly …

China has witnessed a considerable expansion of private higher education institutions
(HEIs) over the last two decades, and research has shown that teacher leadership (TL) is an …

In an increasingly monologic world of war, exploitation and fear of “the other”, dialogue
within and between humans, and with the world around us, is critical to a humane future …

Chatbots without artificial intelligence can play the role of practical and easy-to-implement
learning objects in e-learning environments, allowing a reduction in social or psychological …

Reflective thinking begins with repeated confusion and evaluation to solve a problem. There
are four aspects to reflective thinking, namely techniques, monitoring, insight, and …

This article analyzes teacher professional development (PD) mandated by the
implementation of portfolio-based language assessment (PBLA) in government-funded adult …

Zygmunt Bauman has devoted considerable amount of attention to the discussion of the
educational challenges in liquid modernity. While a good deal of professional attention has …

In this article, David I. Backer introduces the politics of recitation as a third realm for research
on recitation pedagogy, in addition to process and product. Recitation is the pattern of …

Our aim was to develop a widely available educational program in which students
conducted authentic research that met the expectations of both the scientific and educational …

Classroom discussion is an essential pedagogy for teachers across grade levels and age
groups. But what is a discussion, exactly? Are teachers really using discussion when they …