During aging the immune system (IS) undergoes remarkable changes that collectively are
known as immunosenescence. It is a multifactorial and dynamic phenomenon that affects …

Strong epidemiological evidence now exists that sex is an important biologic variable in
immunity. Recent studies, for example, have revealed that sex differences are associated …

Acute inflammation is a physiological response to injury or infection, with a cascade of steps
that ultimately lead to the recruitment of immune cells to clear invading pathogens and heal …

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) outnumber protein-coding transcripts, but their functions
remain largely unknown. In this Review, we discuss the emerging roles of lncRNAs in the …

Autoimmune diseases disproportionately affect females more than males. The XX sex
chromosome complement is strongly associated with susceptibility to autoimmunity. Xist …

Autoimmunity and autoinflammation arise from aberrant immunological and inflammatory
responses toward self-components, contributing to various autoimmune diseases and …

The past few years have provided important insights into the genetic architecture of systemic
autoimmunity through aggregation of findings from genome-wide association studies …

Differences in immune responses to viruses and autoimmune diseases such as systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE) can show sexual dimorphism. Age-associated B cells (ABC) are …

A male sex bias has emerged in the COVID-19 pandemic, fitting to the sex-biased pattern in
other viral infections. Males are 2.84 times more often admitted to the ICU and mortality is …

Understanding sex differences in physiology and disease requires the identification of the
molecular agents that cause phenotypic sex differences. Two groups of such agents are …