The past several months have witnessed the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with novel
spike protein mutations that are influencing the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the …

Directed evolution aims to expedite the natural evolution process of biological molecules
and systems in a test tube through iterative rounds of gene diversifications and library …

Many SARS-CoV-2 variants with naturally acquired mutations have emerged. These
mutations can affect viral properties such as infectivity and immune resistance. Although the …

In the past two decades, three coronaviruses with ancestral origins in bats have emerged
and caused widespread outbreaks in humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome …

Zoonotic pandemics, such as that caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2), can follow the spillover of animal viruses into highly susceptible human …

Neutralizing antibodies elicited by prior infection or vaccination are likely to be key for future
protection of individuals and populations against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, passively …

CRISPR-Cas systems are found widely in prokaryotes, where they provide adaptive
immunity against virus infection and plasmid transformation. We describe a minimal …

In late December 2019, several cases of pneumonia of unknown origin were reported from
China, which in early January 2020 were announced to be caused by a novel coronavirus …

Gene exchange between viruses and their hosts acts as a key facilitator of horizontal gene
transfer and is hypothesized to be a major driver of evolutionary change. Our understanding …

The 2019 novel coronavirus (renamed SARS-CoV-2, and generally referred to as the COVID-
19 virus) has spread to 184 countries with over 1.5 million confirmed cases. Such major viral …