The brain is a vital organ, susceptible to alterations under genetic influences and
environmental experiences. Social isolation (SI) acts as a stressor which results in …

Mounting evidence suggests that acute and chronic stress, especially the stress-induced
release of glucocorticoids, induces changes in glutamate neurotransmission in the prefrontal …

This paper reviews that cell-mediated-immune (CMI) activation and inflammation contribute
to depressive symptoms, including anhedonia; anxiety-like behaviors; fatigue and somatic …

Recently, the inflammatory and neurodegenerative (I&ND) hypothesis of depression was
formulated (Maes et al., 2009), ie the neurodegeneration and reduced neurogenesis that …

Synaptic plasticity confers environmental adaptability through modification of the
connectivity between neurons and neuronal circuits. This is achieved through changes to …

The nitration of free tyrosine or protein tyrosine residues generates 3-nitrotyrosine the
detection of which has been utilised as a footprint for the in vivo formation of peroxynitrite …

Damage to the mitochondrial electron transport chain has been suggested to be an
important factor in the pathogenesis of a range of neurodegenerative disorders. We have …

Several neuropsychiatric diseases are related with stress (posttraumatic stress disorder,
major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia) and stress exposure modifies …

Background: Stress is known to affect synaptic plasticity, dendritic morphology and induces
neurotoxic damage in humans, probably through generation of free radicals. Both ex vivo …

Multiple studies have demonstrated an association between cigarette smoking and
increased anxiety symptoms or disorders, with early life exposures potentially predisposing …